The Salient Features of Colombo-Katunayake Expressway

Introduction

The long felt need of a high mobility link between the Bandaranaike International Airport and the capital of this country has now been realized with the opening of Colombo - Katunayake Expressway to public on 27th of October 2013 by his Excellency the president Hon. Mahinda Rajapakse. There was a ceremony and a public rally held at Ja-ela after the inauguration ceremonies held at Peliyagoda and Katunayake with the participation of special guests, invitees and Government officials. Now, we are able to witness the successful completion of long awaited expressway passing through the open land of Muthurajawela marshes and the Negombo lagoon giving a glimpse of natural beauty of this country. The CKE will reduce the travel time between Peliyagoda and Katunayake to 20 minutes from the earlier time of 1.5 hours using Peliyagoda-Puttalam road (A003). The quick travel between the Bandaranaike International Airport and the capital of the country with enhanced safety will surely help to boost the country’s economy in addition to providing pleasant travel to the road users.

Background

The idea of developing a high speed link between Colombo and Katunayake was first established in early 1980s to serve rapidly expanding industrial areas in the region and tourism. During the last two decades, several alternative routes were studied before finalizing the trace through Peliyagoda, Mabole and Muthurajawela marshes, which caused minimum inconvenience to the public and reduced enormous land acquisition costs by avoiding densely populated areas. After introducing a few amendments to the proposed trace, approval of the Central Environmental Authority was obtained for the 25.8km long expressway. Subsequently, this trace was finalized from the new Kelani Bridge/Bandaranayake round-about Peliyagoda to the Bandaranaike International Airport Katunayake and decided to commence construction.

Design Features

Colombo – Katunayake Express

way (CKE) is a 4-lane User-fee levying Expressway with a designed speed of 100kmph. It consists of three interchanges, namely Peliyagoda, Jaela and Katunayake. It is expected to connect the CKE to the proposed Outer Circular Highway (OCH) at Kerawalapitiya in the future. The Expressway has been constructed according to the international standards to ensure the safety of all road users and emphasis has been given to increase the mental and physical comfort of passengers and drivers.

User Fee levying system

The entry point to the highway is close to the new Kelaniya bridge. However, the User-fee levying Expressway begins at Peliyagoda interchange about 1.8km after new Kelaniya bridge. Therefore, the vehicles that are permitted to use the Expressway can enter at new Kelaniya bridge entry point and those who want to use CKE can proceed through User-fee station of Peliyagoda interchange and others can exit to Colombo-Kandy road or Peliyagoda-Puttalam road via this interchange by-passing the User-fee station. The motorists who enter from Peliyagoda interchange will not be issued an entry ticket and have to pay the use-fee before exit at Katunayake. Those who enter from the interchange at Ja-Ela, would be issued an entry ticket and have to pay accordingly at the end of the journey either at Peliyagoda or at Katunayake. On the other hand, motorists entering from Katunayake will not be issued an entry ticket but have to pay at the end of the journey at Peliyagoda or Ja-Ela. This is to reduce delays in the issuance of tickets.

Benifits

The most important benefit of the Project is to facilitate high speed passenger and freight movement which will lead to permit rapid industrial expansion in the area, boost tourism industry, enhance employment opportunities, reduce traffic on Colombo-Pattalam road (A003), encourage outward migration of people living under congested conditions in  and around Colombo.

As the CKE is an important segment of much awaited north-south link, when the construction of Outer Circular Highway (OCH) from Kottawa to Kerawalapitiya is completed the much awaited north-south connection will be established enabling the usurers of CKE to reach southern parts of the country through Expressway Network. In turn it will contribute to achieve overall Development objectives of the country through the Expressway Network. Ultimately the Expressway Network would contribute to harness the expected economic benefits to the country with shorter travel times and reduced vehicle operating costs.

Source : www.Rda.gov.lk

Cristiano Ronaldo

 Cristiano Ronaldo dos Santos Aveiro,OIH (born 5 February 1985), commonly known as Cristiano Ronaldo, is a Portuguese footballer who plays as a forward for Spanish La Liga club Real Madrid and who serves as captain of the Portuguese national team. He became the most expensive footballer in history on his 2009 move from Manchester United to Real Madrid in a transfer worth £80 million (€94 million/$131.6 million), a record that would later be reportedly broken by Gareth Bale, who joined Real Madrid in 2013 for £85 million (€100 million).Ronaldo's contract with Real Madrid, under the terms of which he is paid €21 million per year (after taxes), makes him the highest-paid footballer in the world, and his buyout clause is valued at €1 billion as per his contract.



Ronaldo began his career as a youth player for Andorinha, where he played for two years, before moving to C.D. Nacional. In 1997, he made a move to Portuguese giants Sporting Clube de Portugal. Ronaldo caught the attention of Manchester United manager Alex Ferguson, who signed him for £12.24 million (€15 million) in 2003. The following season, Ronaldo won his first club honour, the FA Cup.

Ronaldo was the first player playing in England to win all four main PFA and FWA awards, doing so in 2007. In 2008, Ronaldo won the Ballon d'Or. He placed second in the Ballon d'Or in 2007, 2009, 2011 and 2012. He was awarded the European Golden Shoe in both 2008 and 2011. In 2008, he won three of the four main PFA and FWA trophies and was named the FIFPro Player of the Year, World Soccer Player of the Year, Onze d'Or, and the FIFA World Player of the Year. In 2007 and 2008, Ronaldo was named FWA Footballer of the Year. Ronaldo was the inaugural winner of the FIFA Puskás Award for the Goal of the Year in 2009.

Ronaldo is regarded to be one of the finest footballers in today's game and as one of the greatest of all time. Ronaldo is the first top European league player to reach 40 goals in a single season in two consecutive years, fastest Real Madrid player to reach one hundred league goals, and the first player ever to score against every team in a single season in La Liga. He also holds records for most goals scored in a season for Real Madrid and most goals scored per minute in La Liga for a Real Madrid player. In January 2013, Cristiano Ronaldo scored his 300th club goal.

Ronaldo is a Portuguese international and made his debut against Kazakhstan in August 2003. He has been capped over 100 times and is his country's second-highest goalscorer of all time. With Portugal he has participated in five major tournaments; UEFA Euro 2004, the 2006 FIFA World Cup, UEFA Euro 2008, the 2010 FIFA World Cup and UEFA Euro 2012. He scored his first international goal in the opening game of the Euro 2004 against Greece, in addition to helping Portugal reach the final. He took over the captaincy of the side in July 2008 and went on to captain Portugal to the semi-finals at the Euro 2012 and finished the competition as the joint best scorer.

He wore the number 7 shirt at United, which was previously worn by Johnny Berry, Steve Coppell, Bryan Robson, Eric Cantona and David Beckham, subsequently worn by Michael Owen and Antonio Valencia. After spending his first year at Madrid wearing the number 9 shirt, he began wearing the number 7 again following the departure of the legendary Raúl.

Personal information

Full name             Cristiano Ronaldo dos Santos Aveiro
Date of birth              5 February 1985 (age 28)
Place of birth              Funchal, Madeira, Portugal
Height                     1.86 m (6 ft 1 in)[1]
Playing position      Forward

Club information
Current club Real Madrid
Number 7
Youth career
1993–1995 Andorinha
1995–1997 Nacional
1997–2002 Sporting CP

Senior career*
Years Team Apps† (Gls)†
2002–2003 Sporting CP 25 (3)
2003–2009 Manchester United 196 (84)
2009– Real Madrid 146 (157)

National team‡
2001–2002 Portugal U17 9 (6)
2002–2003 Portugal U20 5 (3)
2003 Portugal U21 6 (1)
2004 Portugal U23 3 (1)
2003– Portugal 107 (43)

Source : Wikipedia

Colombo Harbour

The Port of Colombo (known as Port of Kolomtota during the early 14th Century Kotte Kingdom) is the largest and busiest port in Sri Lanka as well as in South Asia. Located in Colombo, on the southwestern shores on the Kelani River, it serves as an important terminal in Asia due to its strategic location in the Indian Ocean. During the 1980s, the port underwent rapid modernization with the installation of Cranes, Gantries and other modern-day terminal requirements. 

Currently with a capacity of 4.1 million TEUs and a dredged depth of over 15 m (49 ft), the Colombo Harbour is one of the busiest ports in the world, and ranks among the top 35 ports. It is also one of the biggest artificial harbours in the world handling most of the country's foreign trade. It has an annual cargo tonnage of 30.9 million tons.The port is also the naval base for Sri Lanka Navy Western Fleet under the Commander Western Naval Area (COMWEST).[citation needed] The Port of Colombo is home to the second tallest building in South Asia and is the center for many commercial interests.

History

Early history

The Port of Colombo was known to Roman, Arab, and Chinese traders more than 2000 years ago. By the 8th century, Arab Muslim traders settled in Colombo as a base for their trade for that part of the world. Today, they make up the local Sri Lankan Moor community.

Medieval history

Among the users of the port, China, India and Persia were among the first people to use the harbour. In 1505 the Portuguese first discovered the Port of Colombo when first arriving to the island. In an effort to protect the coast from invaders the King of Kotte at the time, Parakamabahu VIII made a treaty with the Portuguese giving them the right to trade cinnamon from the island, and receiving full authority of the coastline. The Portuguese established a trading post in the port but they soon expelled the Muslims and began building a fort in 1517

In order of protecting their interests in coastal India the Portuguese Knew that controlling the island was vital, and so took advantage of royal rivalries between the Kingdoms. However when the King of Sitawaka, Mayadunne, invaded the Kotte Kingdom and forced the Portuguese into retreat they retreated into the Port of Colombo, besieging the city many times. When the Kotte kingdom fell to the Kingdom of Sitawaka, the Portuguese were able to control the entire coast, making the Port of Colombo their capital. That area of the city is still called “Fort”.

In 1638 the Dutch empire signed a treaty with Rajasinghe II of Kandy for monopoly over the island's trade goods and in turn promising help in the Kandyan King's war effort with the Portuguese. In 1656 the Portuguese were eventually defeated through a terrible siege which ended with only 93 Portuguese survivors leaving the fort. The area captured by the Dutch was given back to the Sinhalese king, however continued to control the area and the rich cinnamon lands. Until 1796, The Port of Colombo was also the capital of the Dutch Maritime Provinces controlled by the Dutch East India Company.

British Ceylon and Independence

The Port of Colombo fell to the British in 1796, when they first arrived on the island. However it remained a Kandyan Kingdom military outpost until it was surrendered in 1815. The Port was made the capital of the new British crown colony called Ceylon. The British decided to build houses and civilian buildings rather than making it into a military center, giving birth to the modern Port of Colombo.

In 1865, the Municipal Council was created by the British in the Port of Colombo in an effort to teach the local population self-governance. The Colombo Municipal Council was practically the Legislative Council of Ceylon, meeting for the first time in 1866. In 1912, the Port was converted into a sheltered harbor, and the Colombo Port Commission was established in 1913. Much of the city was planned during the British occupation of the Port of Colombo.

The Port saw dramatic changes when the country gained its independence in 1948. The Queen Elizabeth Quay was opened in 1954, while 16 alongside berths, transit sheds and warehouses were completed. In 1958 The Port Corporation was founded. Sri Lanka's economy began to improve, even though it had influences of Portuguese, Dutch and British cultures while its own had been repressed.

1980 to 2000

The Sri Lanka Ports Authority was created in 1980. The harbour underwent a major transformation to handle containerized cargo in early 1980s, with two being built by the end of the 1980s and three more in the early 1990s. Due to this, and its strategic location amidst trade routes, the port became more attractive to main line shipping than any other port in the region. After the introduction of private sector operators, it consolidated its position as a major regional hub port for transshipment cargo in late 1990s.

 The main channel of the port was deepened to 15 meters, while it also reached the one million mark for annual handling of container TEUs in 1996. In 1997 the Oil Berth was opened and container traffic made it to the 1.5 million TEUs mark. 1998 saw the opening of a new container terminal while 1999 saw a new container yard begin operation. 

The Oluvil Lighthouse was commissioned, and the Oluvil Maritime Training Center opened also in 1999. The South Asia Gateway Terminal began operations, and a new 50 thousand DWT berth was constructed.

2000 to Present

A third berth at Galle Regional Port was started in 2000, while the Peliyagoda Container Freight Station was opened. The second phase of the North Pier development started, and the port opened a one-stop documentation center opened its doors. In 2002, the multi-purpose Ashraff Quay was inaugurated, while the new Customer Service Center for LCL and breakbulk cargoes was opened in the same year. 2003 saw the Unity Container Terminal and the SLPA Maritime Museum open. In 2004 the Port handled 2.2 million TEUs of containerized cargo, which increased to 2.45 million TEUs in 2005.

 At present, the port handles 15% of transshipment cargo in South Asia. However, in early 2009, the container throughput of Nhava Sheva Harbour surpassed that of Colombo.

Expansion project

In 2008, the port commenced a large-scale expansion project at a cost of US$1.2 billion, which is expected dramatically increase the port's capacity and capabilities. The project, which is headed by the Sri Lanka Ports Authority and built by the Hyundai Engineering & Construction Company, is expected to be completed by 11 April 2012.



The expansion project will consist of four new terminals that are 1200m in length and can accommodate 3 berths each, alongside a depth of 18 m (59 ft) (which can be deepened to 23 m (75 ft)). The channel width of the harbour is to be 560m and depth of 20m, with harbour basin depth of 18m and a 600m turning circle. Once completed, it will increase the annual container handling capacity from 4 million TEUs to approximately 12 million TEUs. It will also be able to accommodate larger container vessels, carrying around 12,000 TEUs.

The first terminal was awarded to the China Merchants Holdings (International) - Aitken Spence consortium on 16 September 2010. The new terminal is planned to be operational by First Quarter 2013. A panoramic view of the early construction stages of the expansion project.Colombo South Container Terminal CSCT

The 2.4 million teus capacity Colombo South Container Terminal, the first terminal under new expansion in the Port of Colombo is built by Colombo International Container Terminals Ltd., (CICT), a joint venture Company between China Merchants Holdings (International) Co., Ltd. (CMHI) and the Sri Lanka Ports Authority (SLPA). It is developing the new port under a 35 year build, operate, and transfer agreement with the SLPA.

Commenced construction in December 2011, the first pace was ceremonially opened for traffic on 8th August 2013 making Colombo Port complex one of the biggest in the World.
Total length of new Breakwater is 6830m. Berth Depth is 18m .

தெய்வ திருமகள் Vijay Award 2012

Usurey Poguthey Song Unplegged

Android 5.0 Features

Google's showing no signs of slowing its pace of Android development, with Android 4.0 appearing on the Galaxy Nexus late in 2011, followed by the Android 4.1 Jelly Bean release that arrived powering the super Nexus 7 in July of 2012.

Two more flavors of Jelly Bean were to follow: Android 4.2 was released on 13 November 2012, and then Android 4.3 arrived on 24 July 2013.
Throughout the Jelly Bean reign, we've been gathering rumors of the next major Android update, Android 5.0. The word was that this release was being developed under the dessert-related codename of Key Lime Pie but then on 3 September 2013, Google announced that Android 4.4 KitKat would precede Android 5, so the Key Lime Pie name looks to have been ditched.

We're still expecting an Android 5 release, of course, but with different features, a new code name and a later release date than we were originally anticipating.

Cut to the chase

What is it? The next major upgrade for Android, to follow on from Android 4.4
When is it out? We're thinking mid-2014
What will it cost? Nothing, it'll be a free upgrade
The dessert-themed moniker that we assume will begin with L is anyone's guess at this stage. Android 5.0 Lemon Cheesecake or Android 5.0 Lemon Meringue Pie, anyone?
As we wait on official news of that code name, as well as the Android 5.0 release date and features, we can start to pull together the latest rumors from around the web.

Android 5.0 release date

Until Android 4.4 was announced we had expected the Android 5.0 release date to be some time in October 2013. We now expect to see Android 4.4 KitKat launch during that month. In the face of that point release, we think it's now likely that we'll see Android 5.0 shown in mid-2014, quite possibly at Google IO, Google's annual two-day developer conference in San Francisco.

That's a year on from when we had originally expected to see Android 5.0, which was at Google IO 2013, which took place from May 15 to May 17 2013. Given that Google announced Android 4.1 Jelly Bean at 2012's IO conference, it seemed reasonable to expect to see Android 5.0 at the 2013 event.

But on 13 May 2013, we got our confirmation that there would be no serving of Android 5 at Google IO from Sundar Pichai, Google's new head of Android. Pichai told Wired that 2013's IO is "not a time when we have much in the way of launches of new products or a new operating system". Boo! "Both on Android and Chrome, we're going to focus this IO on all the kinds of things we're doing for developers so that they can write better things," he added.

Android 5.0 phones

Rumors of a new Nexus handset started trickling in during the third quarter of 2012, as we reported on 1 October 2012. There was talk that this phone would be sporting Android 5.0 but the handset, which turned out to be the Google Nexus 4, arrived running Android Jelly Bean.

While the Nexus 4 didn't appear with Android 5.0, speculation that we reported on 21 January 2013 suggested that the Motorola X was the Android 5.0-toting handset that would be revealed at Google IO. The Moto X wasn't on show at IO and instead appeared in August 2013, running Android 4.2.2.

We also heard whispers that a new Nexus phone, most likely the Google Nexus 5, might be blessed with Android 5.0 and on 18 March 2013, supposed images of the Nexus 5 surfaced, with the handset apparently being manufactured by LG. If the accompanying specs, leaked along with the photo by the anonymous source, are true, then the Nexus 5 will feature a 5.2-inch, 1920 x 1080 OLED display, 2.3GHz Qualcomm Snapdragon 800 processor and 3GB of RAM.

The latest speculation, which we reported on 13 September 2013, suggests that the Nexus 5 will now arrive sporting Android 4.4 KitKat.
Google IO 2012Androids out in force at Google IO 2012

If rumors that we covered on 30 May were correct, then HTC would have brought us an Android 5.0-powered 'phablet' in the form of the HTC T6. But that device launched in October 2103 as the Android 4.3-powered HTC One Max.

Android 5.0 tablets

The original Nexus 7 tablet was unveiled at Google IO 2012, so we thought it possible that we'd see a refreshed Nexus 7 2 at Google IO 2013. The speculation earlier in the year was that Google would team up with Asus for this, as it did with the original Nexus 7. 
We expected an upgraded display on the new Nexus 7 tablet, while Digitimes reported that the 2nd generation Nexus 7 would have 3G service and range in price from $149 to $199.
The new Nexus 7 was a no-show at IO, but the Asus-built device was later launched by Google on 24 July 2013, albeit running Android 4.3 rather than 5.

Samsung's Android 5.0 upgrades

Although Samsung is yet to officially confirm its Android 5.0 schedule, a SamMobile source is claiming to know which phones and tablets will be getting the upgrade. According to the source, the devices set to receive the upgrade are the Galaxy S4, Galaxy S3, Galaxy Note 2, Galaxy Note 8.0 and Galaxy Note 10.1. Do note that this claim was made before Google announced Android 4.4, so if it was ever correct, it's probably a lot less correct now.
Samsung Galaxy S4As you'd expect, the S4 will be getting an Android update, but to which version?

Android 5.0 features

For 24 hours, it seemed as though the first kinda, sorta confirmed feature for Android 5.0 was a Google Now widget, which briefly appeared in a screenshot on the company's support forum before being taken down. As it was so hurriedly pulled, many people assumed it was slated for the big five-o and accidentally revealed early.

As it happened, the following day, on 13 February 2013, the Google Now widget rolled out to Jelly Bean.

On 28 February 2013, we learned from Android Central that Google is working with the Linux 3.8 kernel, which gave rise to the notion that this kernel might power Android 5. One improvement that the 3.8 kernel brings is lowered RAM usage, which would mean a snappier phone with better multitasking.
On 13 June 2013, VR-Zone also claimed that Android 5.0 will be optimised to run on devices with as little as 512MB of RAM.

We're now expecting that Linux 3.8 kernel to show up in Android 4.4, given that Google's stated aim with KitKat is "to make an amazing Android experience available for everybody".

Android Geeks reported that Google Babble would debut on Android 5.0. Babble was the code name for Google's cross-platform service and app with the aim of unifying its various chat services which include Talk, Hangout, Voice, Messenger, Chat for Google Drive and Chat on Google+.
A screenshot that we were sent from a Google employee on 8 April confirmed that not only was this unified chat service on the way, but that it was called Google Babel not Babble. The service was to come with a bunch of new emoticons and Google+ built-in so you can jump from Babel chat to hangout.

 A leaked Google memo on 10 April provided a few more juicy details including talk of a new UI and synced conversations between mobile and desktop.
Google BabelWe've been fishing for info on Babel On 10 May, we discovered that Babel would launch as Google Hangouts, and on 15 May we saw it come to life for devices running Android 2.3 and up. So much for it debuting on Android 5.

Following an 18 April tear-down of the Google Glass app MyGlass by Android Police, it looked as though there may be an iOS Games Center-like service coming to Android 5.0.

Android Police found references in the code to functionality that doesn't exist in Glass, which suggested that developers accidentally shipped the full suite of Google Play Services with the Android application package.

The files in the package contained references to real-time and turn-based multiplayer, in-game chat, achievements, leaderboards, invitations and game lobbies.

As expected, we found out more about Google Play Games at Google I/O, but it's not an Android 5.0 feature after all as it has been made available already.

Android 5.0 interface

While this is pure speculation, we're wondering whether Android 5.0 might bring with it a brighter interface, moving away from the Holo Dark theme that came with Android 4.0.

Google Now brought with it a clearer look with cleaner fonts, and screenshots of Google Play 4.0 show Google's app market taking on similar design cues. Is this a hint at a brighter, airier look for Key Lime Pie?

Google Play 4Google Play is lightening up On 6 August 2013, we learned that Google had applied to patent a rather cool piece of functionality whereby an Android user would be able to launch different apps by drawing different patterns on the lock screen.
If this feature makes it into Android 5, we could be able to launch the camera app by drawing one pattern and Twitter by drawing another.

Mano Ganesan speak about Racism

http://adaderana.lk/tamil/appnews.php?nid=46969&catid=36

மர்மரி திட்டம் - இஸ்தான்பூல்

ஆசியாவையும்,ஐரோப்பாவையும் இணைக்கும்வரலாற்றுமுக்கியத்துவம்வாயந்த இஸ்தான்பூல் நீர்க்கீழ் ரயில் சுரங்கம் திறக்கப்பட்டுள்ளது. ஆசியா மற்றும் ஐரோப்பா கண்டங்களை இணைக்கும் வரலாற்று முக்கியத்துவம் வாய்ந்தமுதலாவது நீர்க்கீழ் ரயில் சுரங்கம் ஒக்டோபர்,29 செவ்வாய்க்கிழமையன்று உத்தியோகபூர்வமாக திறக்கப்பட்டுள்ளது.துருக்கி குடியரசின் 90வது வருடத்தை முன்னிட்டு செவ்வாய்க் கிழமையன்று மேற்படி நீர்க்கீழ் ரயில் சுரங்கப்பாதை திறக்கப்பட்டுள்ளது.

மர்மரி திட்டம் என அழைக்கப்படும் இந்நீர்கீழ் ரயில் சுரங்கப்பாதை திட்டமானது துருக்கி மற்றும் ஜப்பான் ஆகிய இருநாடுகளின் கூட்டமைப்புடன் உருவாக்கப்பட்டுள்ளது. இதன் மூலம் துருக்கியின் 150வருட கனவு முழுமைபெற்றுள்ளது. 150வருடங்களுக்கு முன்னர் உஸ்மானிய கிலாபத்தின் கலீபாவான சுல்தான் 2ஆம் அப்துல் ஹமீத்தினால் உஸ்மானிய பேரரசையும் ஐரோப்பாவையும் இணைப்பதற்கு நீர்க்கீழ் ரயில் சுரங்கத்தை அமைப்பதற்கான திட்டம் வரையப்பட்டது.எனினும், குறைந்த தொழிநுட்ப வளர்ச்சி மற்றும் நிதிப்பிரச்சினை காரணமாக இத்திட்டத்தை அவரால் முழுமைப்படுத்த முடியாது போனது.பின்னர் 1990ஆம் மீள ஆரம்பிக்கப்பட்ட இத்திட்டமானது நிதிப்பற்றாக்குறை காரணமாக இடைநடுவில் நிறுத்தப்பட்டது.
பின்னர் 2005ஆம் ஆண்டு தற்போதைய துருக்கி பிரதமர் தைய்யிப் எர்டோகனின் அரசாங்கத்தில் மீள ஆரம்பிக்கப்பட்டு முழுமைப்படுத்தப்பட்டுள்ளது.திறப்பு விழாவில் பேசிய துருக்கி பிரதமர், எமது முன்னோர்களால் ஆரம்பிக்கப்பட்ட சுரங்கப்பதை திட்டமானது எங்கள் கைகளால் முழுமைப்படுத்தப்பட்டது எனத் தெரிவத்தார்.
சுரங்கக் கட்டுமாணப்பணிகளுக்கு 4வருடங்கள் திட்டமிடப்பட்டிருந்தபோதிலும், பல தொடர்ச்சியான வரலாற்று சின்னங்கள் கிடைக்கப் பெற்றதானால் வேலை பல தடவைகள் தாமதமானது. இந்நீர்க்கீழ் சுரங்கத்தினூடாக ஒரு நாளைக்கு ஆகக்கூடுதலாக 1.4மில்லியன் பயணிகளுக்கு பயணம் செய்ய முடியுமானதுடன், இதன் மூலம் இஸ்தான்பூல் நகரின் போக்குவரத்து நெரிசலை 20சதவீதத்தால் குறைக்க முடியுமென எதிர்பார்க்கப்படுகின்றது.

முஸ்லிம் உலகம் (muslimulakam)]

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2nd World War

Entire world Struggle only two Synopsis

Entire world Struggle only two, also called your second Entire world Struggle, had been some sort of struggle conducted coming from 1939 for you to 1945 throughout The european countries along with, through high of this 1930s along with 1940s, throughout Asian countries.

This struggle throughout The european countries begun throughout serious about September 1, 1939 with all the attack involving Belgium simply by Nazi Germany, along with determined about September only two, 1945, with all the standard submit of the final Axis nation, The japanese. Nevertheless, throughout Asian countries this struggle begun previously with Japanese surgery throughout Tiongkok, along with throughout The european countries, this struggle was over previously with all the unconditional submit involving Germany about Might 8, 1945.

This clash leaking in excess of in Cameras, incorporated a small number of happenings from the Americas, along with several major naval challenges.

It was the best provided clash of all time, comprising the entire world along with concerning far more nations as compared to some other struggle, along with introducing potent new tools, culminating from the first using nuclear tools.

Nevertheless, despite the identify, not all nations of the globe were being required; a few by means of neutrality (such since the Eire - though Eire provided a few critical solution information to the Allies; D-Day's time frame had been made a decision on the basis of inward Ocean temperature information provided coming from Ireland in europe - Sweden, along with Switzerland), others by means of ideal insignificance (Mexico).

This struggle ravaged civilians far more severely as compared to almost any prior clash along with supported being a history intended for genocidal killings simply by Nazi Germany along with several other bulk slaughters involving civilians which in turn, however, not formally genocide, were being considerable.

These incorporated this massacre involving an incredible number of Chinese language along with Korean nationals simply by The japanese, inner bulk killings from the Soviet Union, and also the bombing involving civilian focuses on throughout German along with Japanese locations from the Allies. In one payemnt, Entire world Struggle II generated with regards to 50 trillion fatalities, more than some other struggle up to now.

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Vacuum in Kashmir 

Tens of Thousands protest in August 2010
Tens of Thousands protest in Srinagar in August 2010
It is tempting to say that Prime Minister Manmohan Singh's visit to Srinagar on June 25 along with Congress president Sonia Gandhi reflected the same inadequacy of his current policies on Kashmir as does the limited rail link he inaugurated the next day between Banihal in Jammu and Qazigund, the gateway to the Valley. Vacuum in Kashmir. By A.G. Noorani

Introduction to Kashmir conflict 

 Protests in Tehran, 30 July 2009
Kashmiri women mouring the loss of their family members in violence.
Kashmir is bleeding, as we speak. The annual casualty rate is chillingly high. At least 40,000 people have been killed since insurgency began in 1989, according to conservative official estimates. Unofficial estimates are well over 80,000-half of them are civilians. Thousands of Indian soldiers have been killed and it costs billions of dollars to keep the army in Kashmir. There is one soldier for every 10 kashmiris in the Valley and daily life is a nightmare for the ordinary Kashmiri.

The Kashmir conflict continues to be unresolved after more than six decades, fuelling the conventional and nuclear arms race between India and Pakistan and bleeding their economy. Both countries have gone to war on three occasions over Kashmir and the possibility of war between the two countries has become frightening given their nuclear weapon capability.
Kashmir continues to be the bone of contention between India and Pakistan. Each side insists it is right and the other is wrong. India insists that the accession of Kashmir to India is final and complete and hence Kashmir is an integral part of India and that all would be well in Kashmir, but for Pakistan's cross-border terrorism. Pakistan on the other hand, insists that Kashmir is a disputed territory and that it is merely providing moral and diplomatic support for an indigenous freedom struggle in Kashmir. A large number of Kashmiris do not believe that the 1947 accession is final; they insist that Kashmir is a disputed territory and demand self-determination. Indian public is bombarded with the official version of rhetoric on Kashmir, as Pakistanis are bombarded likewise with their version.
Could we objectively revisit this complex issue which continues to exact increasing death toll of civilians, as each day passes? All sides cannot be right at once in their claims of absolute moral rectitude, the truth probably lies somewhere in between.



"I cannot drink water
It is mingled with the blood of young men who have died up in the mountains.
I cannot look at the sky; It is no longer blue; but painted red. 
I cannot listen to the roar of the gushing stream 
It reminds me of a wailing mother next to the bullet-ridden body of her only son. 
I cannot listen to the thunder of the clouds It reminds me of a bomb blast. 
I feel the green of my garden has faded Perhaps it too mourns. 
I feel the sparrow and cuckoo are silent Perhaps they too are sad." A Kashmiri Poet

Make Your Computer Faster

Why Computers Slow Down? 

However, although computers do slow down after the installation of software, the main reason they get slower is because every year newer software has bigger and bigger requirements. For example: The Windows 98 operating system required 24 megabytes of memory and just 200 megabytes of hard drive space, whereas Windows 7 requires 2 gigabytes of memory and 20 gigabytes of hard drive space. As we learned in How to Back Up Your Data, a gigabyte is about a thousand megabytes so in a 10-year span the requirements for computers have increased 100 times. Who wouldn’t slow down!

For us, this means that without upgrading, our computer’s specifications don’t change at all. But every year, software needs more and more of your computer’s precious resources. So when you install software on a 5-year-old computer, it will slow it down a lot more then it would if you installed it on a new computer.

People run into this problem a lot when they wipe their computer clean and reinstall the operating system. Their computer will be just as fast as the day they bought it, but the moment they install new software that is a few years younger than the computer, well, that’s when it slows way down again.

That said, I would like to debunk one myth that seems to persist in the technology world year after year:

Registry cleaners do not work! The registry in Windows keeps information about your system and programs so programs that claim to “clean” the registry might end up deleting information that allows your programs to run correctly. My advice is to just avoid cleaning your registry altogether.

They can even be harmful to your computer. If you come across programs that promise to clean your registry, I advise against them.

How to Optimize Your Computer

There are 4 things that take just a few minutes of your time, but can make a significant difference in how fast your computer performs:

Clearing your cookies and other temporary web data every so often will really increase how fast your internet browser responds, and will even fix most problems you have with the internet. Here’s a link on how to do this with many popular web browsers.

Running security scans is something you should set up to happen automatically each week. If malware has infected your computer, you can bet that it will take a very large portion of your computer’s resources for its own malevolent purposes. Checking for malware once a week will definitely help to keep your computer running at tip-top shape.

Along with keeping your antivirus software up to date, keeping your operating system supplied with the latest updates will do a world of difference. I know that many people out there (certainly not my listeners) hit the “skip” or “remind me later” button when their computer asks to install updates. I recommend checking for new updates a few times a month, because many of these updates will help to close security holes, and will also optimize certain aspects of your operating system.

One of the biggest boosts to your machine’s performance would be to limit the items that start when your computer boots up. I generally only have 3-4 programs open at start up, and then only run the programs I need to use when I need them. If you have 20+ programs running automatically when your computer starts, not only will it take forever to boot, but it will be slow the entire time you use it. This happens because even if you’re not using these programs, they will run in the background, which still uses your computer’s resources. Here are links on how to prevent programs from starting on both Windows and Mac machines.

Here are your 4 Quick and Dirty Tips for speeding up your computer:

Delete cookies and temporary files from your internet browser frequently

Run your antivirus at least once a week to make sure no malware snuck into your system

Keep your antivirus and operating system up to date

Limit the amount of programs that run automatically when you start your computer

One thing I did not mention in this episode was reinstalling your operating system. While this would probably make the most difference in speeding up your computer, it is fairly time consuming and technical and should not be attempted by anyone except a professional.

Well that’s all for today!

- See more at: http://www.quickanddirtytips.com/tech/computers/how-to-make-your-computer-faster#sthash.YCw233Go.dpuf

Make Money online without investment

Many people searching about legitimate online money making methods. Also I was searching about same during last few years. Finally I came to know that there is no Easy things to do for making money online. But I came to know that some good ways to making money but not very quick and easy.

Here are some of them:

1. Forex Trading

Forex Trading (Foriegn currency trading) is high profitable method but risky method for those who don’t know what they are doing.

First of all you should Learn Forex Trading A to Z, you can easily learn through http://www.babypips.com/school/

Some of Best Forex Broker Companies are given Below

eToro – www.etoro.com
Easy Forex – www.easy-forex.com
Lite Forex – www.liteforex.org

2. Selling items on eBay

Selling items on eBay is a very good way to earn Money, but you should be aware of best selling items and best price ranges.

Frst make a research on Best sellings items of eBay, then start selling – www.ebay.com

3. Pay per click Advertising Programs

Best PPC program I have ever seen is Google Adsense, they pay me well. You can make more money with adsense by increasing your website’s traffic and publishing good articles and placing ads on best places.

Best PPC Programs:

Google Adsense – http://www.google.com/adsense
Adbrite – http://www.adbrite.com
Yahoo Publisher – http://advertisingcentral.yahoo.com/publisher

4. Surveys

Online surveys is one of the most searched money making methods, but these surveys are not present at all time you need. When survey offered, you can do it.

Best Online Survey Programs:

Cash Crate – www.cashcrate.com
Survey Network – www.surveynetwork.co.uk
Survey Scout – www.surveyscout.com

5. Affiliate Programs

Affiliate programs are very good for who has a good Marketing skills. if you refer someone to those programs and if they signed up you’ll get paid.

Best Affiliate Marketing Programs:

Link Share – www.linkshare.com
Commission Junction – www.cj.com
Forex Affiliate – www.eforexaffiliate.com

6. Freelance Jobs – Work at Home Jobs

Freelance works are very good for who has a general computer skills. if you have skills on Graphic Designing, Web Designing, Software Developing or Simple Data Entry, you’ll able to earn money by doing Simple Jobs.

Best Freelance Job Portals:

Odesk – www.odesk.com
Elance – www.elance.com
Freelancer – www.freelancer.com

Learn Web Designing

www.w3schools.com is best web learning site for web developers. You can learn html, css, java script etc.

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Accountants 53 | MycroWeb Free Website Templates

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AR Rahman All time Hit tamil Songs

Motivation

1. Consequences – Never use threats. They’ll turn people against you. But making people aware of the negative consequences of not getting results (for everyone involved) can have a big impact. This one is also big for self motivation. If you don’t get your act together, will you ever get what you want?

2. Pleasure – This is the old carrot on a stick technique. Providing pleasurable rewards creates eager and productive people.

3. Performance incentives – Appeal to people’s selfish nature. Give them the opportunity to earn more for themselves by earning more for you.

4. Detailed instructions – If you want a specific result, give specific instructions. People work better when they know exactly what’s expected.

5. Short and long term goals – Use both short and long term goals to guide the action process and create an overall philosophy.

6. Kindness – Get people on your side and they’ll want to help you. Piss them off and they’ll do everything they can to screw you over.

7. Deadlines – Many people are most productive right before a big deadline. They also have a hard time focusing until that deadline is looming overhead. Use this to your advantage by setting up a series of mini-deadlines building up to an end result.

8. Team Spirit – Create an environment of camaraderie. People work more effectively when they feel like part of team — they don’t want to let others down.

10. Recognize achievement – Make a point to recognize achievements one-on-one and also in group settings. People like to see that their work isn’t being ignored.

11. Personal stake – Think about the personal stake of others. What do they need? By understanding this you’ll be able to keep people happy and productive.

12. Concentrate on outcomes – No one likes to work with someone standing over their shoulder. Focus on outcomes — make it clear what you want and cut people loose to get it done on their own.

13. Trust and Respect – Give people the trust and respect they deserve and they’ll respond to requests much more favorably.

14. Create challenges – People are happy when they’re progressing towards a goal. Give them the opportunity to face new and difficult problems and they’ll be more enthusiastic.

15. Let people be creative – Don’t expect everyone to do things your way. Allowing people to be creative creates a more optimistic environment and can lead to awesome new ideas.

16. Constructive criticism – Often people don’t realize what they’re doing wrong. Let them know. Most people want to improve and will make an effort once they know how to do it.

17. Demand improvement – Don’t let people stagnate. Each time someone advances raise the bar a little higher (especially for yourself).

18. Make it fun – Work is most enjoyable when it doesn’t feel like work at all. Let people have fun and the positive environment will lead to better results.

19. Create opportunities – Give people the opportunity to advance. Let them know that hard work will pay off.

20. Communication – Keep the communication channels open. By being aware of potential problems you can fix them before a serious dispute arises.

21. Make it stimulating – Mix it up. Don’t ask people to do the same boring tasks all the time. A stimulating environment creates enthusiasm and the opportunity for “big picture” thinking.

Master these key points and you’ll increase motivation with a bit of hard work.

Skype

Skype is a freemium voice-over-IP service and instant messaging client that is currently developed by the Microsoft Skype Division. The name originally derived from "sky" and "peer".

Skype was first released in August 2003. It was written by Estonian developers Ahti Heinla, Priit Kasesalu, and Jaan Tallinn, Danish Janus Friis, and Swedish Niklas Zennström, who had also originally developed Kazaa.Skype had 663 million registered users as of the end of 2010.It was bought by Microsoft in 2011 for $8.5 billion. Microsoft's Skype division headquarters is in Luxem

bourg, but most of the development team and 44% of the overall employees of the division are still situated in Tallinn and Tartu, Estonia.

The service allows users to communicate with peers by voice using a microphone, video by using a webcam, and instant messaging over the Internet. Phone calls may be placed to recipients on the traditional telephone networks. Calls to other users within the Skype service are free of charge, while calls to landline telephones and mobile phones are charged via a debit-based user account system. Skype has also become popular for its additional features, including file transfer, and videoconferencing. Competitors include SIP and H.323-based services, such as Linphone and Google Voice.

Unlike most other VoIP services, Skype is a hybrid peer-to-peer and client–server system. It makes use of background processing on computers running Skype software, and this is reflected in Skype's original proposed name of Sky Peer-to-Peer.

Some network administrators have banned Skype on corporate, government, home and education networks, citing reasons such as inappropriate usage of resources, excessive bandwidth usage, and security concerns.

History

Skype was founded in 2003 by Janus Friis from Denmark and Niklas Zennström from Sweden.The Skype software was created by the Estonians Ahti Heinla, Priit Kasesalu, and Jaan Tallinn The first public beta version was released on 29 August 2003.

eBay acquisition

On 12 September 2005, eBay Inc. agreed to acquire Luxembourg-based Skype Technologies SA for approximately US$2.5 billion in up-front cash and eBay stock, plus potential performance-based consideration.

Silver Lake, Andreessen Horowitz and the Canada Pension Plan Investment Board acquisition

On 1 September 2009, it was announced that eBay was selling 65% of Skype for US$1.9 billion, valuing Skype at US$2.75 billion.

Microsoft acquisition

On 10 May 2011, Microsoft Corporation acquired Skype Communications, S.à r.l for US$8.5 billion.The company was incorporated as a division of Microsoft, and Microsoft acquired all of the company's technologies with the purchase. This was completed on 13 October 2011.

Windows Live Messenger merger

Microsoft phased out its long-standing Windows Live Messenger instant messaging service in favour of Skype, although Messenger will continue in mainland China. Microsoft began this transition in April 8, 2013, and completed the move by April 30.

Skype Download Link: Click Here

Relaxation techniques to reduce stress on-the-spot

If your hectic lifestyle is getting to be too much for you, experts say relaxation techniques can bring you back into balance -- some in five minutes or less.

By Jenny Stamos Kovacs
WebMD Feature
Medically Reviewed by Dr Rob Hicks


The children need a lift to school, your husband can't find his underwear, your boss has just scheduled an online meeting, and your best friend desperately needs your help - all at the same time.

Is it any wonder that you can't find a minute for relaxation? In fact, if you're like most women, you may have even forgotten how to relax.

While experts say that some stress is good for you (it can sharpen your senses and your mind) too much stress is bad for your mental and physical health. At the same time, relaxation can do wonders to restore balance in your life and may even reduce some of the health risks associated with stress.

We talked to the experts to learn more about relaxation and how to attain it. What follows are 10 on-the-spot techniques you can use (any time and almost anywhere) to reduce tension in your life.

1. Meditate

If you think meditation means twisting your body into an uncomfortable position and uttering ‘oohs’ and ‘omms’ for an hour, guess again. Dr Herbert Benson, author of The Relaxation Response, says any repetitive action can be a source of meditation. Benson, who is also director emeritus of the Benson-Henry Institute for Mind Body Medicine in the US, says meditation includes walking, swimming, painting, knitting - any activity that helps keep your attention calmly in the present moment.

If you catch yourself thinking about your job, your relationship or your list of things to do, experts say to simply let the thought escape, and bring your mind back to the repetition of the activity. Try it for just five to 10 minutes a day and watch stress levels drop.

2. Picture yourself relaxed

Is your mind too talkative to meditate? Try creating a peaceful visualisation, or ‘dreamscape’. To start simply visualise anything that keeps your thoughts away from current tensions. It could be a favourite holiday spot, a fantasy island, a short break in London - or something ‘touchable’ such as the feel of your favourite silk dressing gown or cosy jumper.

The idea is to take your mind off your stress, and replace it with an image that evokes a sense of calm. The more realistic your daydream (in terms of colours, sights, sounds, even touch and feel) the more relaxation you'll experience.

3. Breathe deeply

Feeling stressed evokes tense, shallow breathing, while calm is associated with relaxed breathing, says Michael Lee, author of Turn Stress into Bliss. So to turn tension into relaxation, he says, change the way you breathe.

Try this: let out a big sigh, dropping your chest and exhaling through gently pursed lips, says Joan Borysenko, director of Harvard University's Mind-Body Clinical Programmes. Now imagine your low tummy, or centre, as a deep powerful place. Feel your breath coming and going as your mind stays focused there. Inhale, feeling your entire tummy, sides and lower back expand. Exhale, sighing again as you drop your chest, and feeling your tummy, back and sides contract. Repeat 10 times, relaxing more fully each time.

4. Look around you

‘Mindfulness is the here-and-now approach to living that makes daily life richer and more meaningful,’ says Dr Claire Michaels Wheeler, author of 10 Simple Solutions to Stress. It's approaching life like a child, without passing judgement on what occurs. Mindfulness means focusing on one activity at a time, so forget multitasking! Staying in the present tense can help promote relaxation and provide a buffer against anxiety and depression.

Practise it by focusing on your immediate surroundings. If you're outdoors, enjoy the shape and colours of flowers, hear a bird's call or consider a tree. In the shopping centre look at the details of a dress in the window, examine a piece of jewellery and focus on how it's made, or window-shop for furniture, checking out every detail of pattern and style. As long as you can keep your mind focused on something in the present, stress will take a back seat.


5. Drink tea

If you're a coffee guzzler, consider going green. Coffee raises levels of the notorious stress hormone, cortisol, while green tea offers health and beauty, says Dr Nicholas Perricone. Perricone is the author of 7 Secrets to Beauty, Health and Longevity.

Chamomile tea is a traditional favourite for calming the mind and reducing stress. Black tea may be a stress fighter, too, researchers from University College London report. Participants who drank regular black tea displayed lower levels of cortisol, and reported feeling calmer during six weeks of stressful situations than those who drank a placebo with the same amount of caffeine.

6. Show some love

Induce the relaxation response by cuddling your pet, giving an unexpected hug to a friend or family member, snuggling with your spouse or talking to a friend about the good things in your lives, says psychologist Deborah Rozman, co-author of Transforming Stress. When you do you'll be reducing your stress levels.

Why? Experts say social interaction helps your brain think better, encouraging you to see new solutions to situations that once seemed impossible, she says. Studies have also shown that physical contact (such as stroking your dog or cat) may actually help lower blood pressure and decrease stress hormones.

7. Try self-massage

When your muscles are tense and you've no time to visit a professional, try this simple self-massage technique from Darrin Zeer, author of Lover's Massage and Office Yoga. Relax, and travel straight to zen-land.

Place both hands on your shoulders and neck.
Squeeze with your fingers and palms.
Rub vigorously, keeping shoulders relaxed.
Wrap one hand around the other forearm.
Squeeze the muscles with thumb and fingers.
Move up and down from your elbow to fingertips and back again.
Repeat with other arm.

8. Take a break


Adults need breaks too. So when you sense your temper is about to erupt, Dr Jeff Brantley, author of Five Good Minutes In the Evening, suggests finding a quiet place to sit or lie down and put the stressful situation on hold. Take a few deep breaths and concentrate on releasing tension and calming your heartbeat. Quiet your mind and remember: time is always on your side, so relax. The stress can wait.

9. Try a musical detour

Music can calm the heartbeat and soothe the soul, the experts say. So, when things get stressful, take a musical stress detour by aligning your heartbeat with the slow tempo of a relaxing song. Plus, you might think about listening to a classical tune. Research shows that listening to 30 minutes of classical music may produce calming effects equivalent to taking 10 milligrams of diazepam.

10. Take an attitude break


Thirty seconds is enough time to shift your heart's rhythm from stressed to relaxed, Rozman says. The way to do that: engage your heart and your mind in positive thinking. Start by envisioning anything that triggers a positive feeling - a vision of your child or spouse, the image of your pet, that great piece of jewellery you're saving up to buy, a memento from a holiday - whatever it is, conjuring up the thought will help slow breathing, relax tense muscles and put a smile on your face. Rozman says that creating a positive emotional attitude can also calm and steady your heart rhythm, contributing to feelings of relaxation and peace.